Introduction to osteopenia-
Osteopenia causes loss of bone mineral density (BMD). However it is not as low as osteoporosis. It is a severe precursor for the development of osteoporosis.
Etiology-
The process of bone maintenance is called “remodelling”, in which the Osteoblast develop into new bone cells and thus compensate for the breakdown of worn cells.
it is extremely essential to develop a high BMD at young age. this thus can be achieved by having an active lifestyle.
Post menopausal women are at a higher risk due to hormonal changes.
BMD loss is calculated by interpreting the t-score provided by a DEXA scan.
Diagnostic procedures for osteopenia-
DEXA (dual emission x-ray absorptiometry) scan
t-score range +1 and -1 indicates normal bone density.
score range of -1 and -2.5 indicates low bone density or osteopenia.
t-score of -2.5 or lower is indicative of osteoporosis.
Medical management-
Treatment is reserved for patients diagnosed with high risk of developing actual osteoporosis.
Physiotherapy management-
Therapy helps to enhance BMD and therefore slowing/preventing loss of BMD.
Premenopausal:
In this group of patients, lower extremity exercise can result in an increase of BMD of hip. Lower body when combined with upper body exercise increases BMD of both hip and spine.
Postmenopausal:
exercise therapy helps in improving BMD and thus maintaining bone health.
Dietary interventions for osteopenia-
One should get enough calcium and also vitamin D
eat dairy products such as milk, and yogurt.
Other foods with calcium include:
- dried beans
- broccoli
- spinach
Also read- https://vcurehealthcare.com/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/